世新大學九十二學年度研究所博、碩士班考試

世新大學九十二學年度研究所博、碩士班考試

學系別	考試科目
法律學系	英文

(一)閱讀測驗60%共20題每題3分

Questions 1-7

Although only 1 person in 20 the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared – the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. “ The cities predicted the future,” wrote historian Gary.B.Nash, ”even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China.”

Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia’s population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about25,000 by 1775.

The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in these cities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of North America, sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and Southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760`s created a whole new market.

1. Which of the following aspects of North America in the eighteenth century dose the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities

(B) The growth and influence of cities

(D) The causes of immigration to cities

2. Why dose the author say that the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America “line1-2”?

(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative

(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.

(D) Most people pretended to live in cities.

3. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?

(A) Open competition

(B) Social deference

(D) Independent craftspeople

4. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had

(A) large populations

(B) little independence

(D) few power sources

5. How many immigrants arrived in North America between 1760 and 1775?

(A) About 16,000

(B) About 25,000

(D) More than 200,000

6. The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding Boston in terms of

(A) quality of farmland

(B) origin of immigrants

(D) type of grain grown

7. Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as “breadbaskets”?

(A) They produced grain especially for making bread.

(B) They stored large quantities of grain during periods of drought

(D) They consumed more grain than all the other regions of North America.

Questions 8-14

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth’s ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.

Certainly, there have been periods in Earth’s history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only.01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.

However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and species that may able to survive in new environments.

8. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The causes of the extinction of the discuss.

(B) The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.

(D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments

9. The word “ critical” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) negative

(B) essential

(D) complicated

10. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in line 11-12 to suggest that

(A) new habitats can be created for species

(B) human are often made ill by polluted water

(D) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing

11. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the affect of humans oil the world’s ecosystems EXCEPT

(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests

(B) habitat destruction in wetlands

(D) the introduction of new varieties of plant species

12. The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that

(A) the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown

(B) Earth’s climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs` extinction,

(D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species` extinction

13. The word ”magnitude” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) concern

(B) determination

(D) extent

14. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans

(A) are occurring at a much faster rate

(B) are less devastating to most species

(D) are reversible

Questions 15-20

The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s first period of intense activity by African Americans in field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United State. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, thought the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.

The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their American, take pride in their in their African ancestral arts and artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African American were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.

Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had Been attracted to Harlem by pulse and beat unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.

15. What dose the passage mainly discuss?

(A) African American paintings in the 1920`s

(B) An arts movement of the 1920`s

(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music

16. According to the passage African American artists of the 1920`s differed from African American artists in terms of their feeling about

(A) themselves

(B) other artists

(D) stereotypes

17. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artistic movement EXCEPT

(A) pride in African art

(B) culture pluralism

(D) withdrawal from American culture

18. In mentioning “the pulse and beat”(line24) of Harlem during the 1920`s, the author is characterizing the district as one that

(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city

(B) grew economically in a short period of time

(D) was in danger of lasing population

19. The word “convergence” in line 25 is coldest in meaning to

(A) gathering

(B) promotion

(D) influence

20. According to the passage, all the following were true of Harlem in the 1920`s EXCEPT

(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.

(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.

(D) It was a unique cultural center.

(二)中翻英 20%

(1) 主權 (2) 聯合國 (3) 憲法

(4) 智慧財產權 (5) 人權 (6) 利率

(7) 大眾媒體 (8) 股東 (9) 全壘打

(10) 五角大廈

(三)英翻中 20%

We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their Safety and Happiness.